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Stream Sediments Geochemistry of the Nyambaka Drainage System Northern Cameroon (Central Africa): A Target for Mining Exploration
Edima Yana Roland William,
Bidjo Emvoutou Gery Christian,
Okomo Atouba Lise Carole,
Ondoua Oyono Joseph Sadrac,
Ipan Antoinette Solange,
Sep Nlomngan Jean Paul,
Nkouandou Faarouk Oumarou
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
25-34
Received:
27 April 2021
Accepted:
15 May 2021
Published:
7 June 2021
Abstract: Mining exploration in the Nyambaka area Northern Cameroon still at reconnaissance stage. In this study, ten active stream sediments samples were collected for geochemical survey. These stream sediments were analyzed by inductively coupled Plasma/ Mass Spectometry (ICP/MS), the data set obtained was transformed into a standard formation an excel database, and was subject to statistical treatment using IBM SPSS statistics 21 for 33 chemical elements to highlight the relationship between the stream sediments geochemistry, the region lithology, the geological processes and eventual primary mineralization. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistics. R-mode analysis produced a five-factor model behind multi-elements associations which account for 93.40% of the total variance in the data with the following metals associations: Sc-Mo-V-In-Ga-Cu-Cr, Ba-Sr-Ag-Cr-Cu-Co-Be-Ni-Y-Zn-V, Ga-Hf-Zr, Sn-Au, As-Cd. Sn-Au association indicates that Au mineralization is link to Sn mineralization. As-Cd, Cu Ga, In, Mo suggested that the paragenesis represent others sulphidation events that is barren with respect to Au. The spatial distribution of Sn-Au and As-Cd factors show that these factors are mores express in the centre part of the study area; they can be link to granitic rocks, defining a primary gold target. A detail mining investigation have to me carry out in that area to highlight the primary mineralizations.
Abstract: Mining exploration in the Nyambaka area Northern Cameroon still at reconnaissance stage. In this study, ten active stream sediments samples were collected for geochemical survey. These stream sediments were analyzed by inductively coupled Plasma/ Mass Spectometry (ICP/MS), the data set obtained was transformed into a standard formation an excel dat...
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Modelling of Survival Time Among Adult HIV/AIDS Patients Under Antiretroviral Therapy in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya
Mengich Kibichii Robert,
Ann Mwangi,
Gregory Kibet Kerich,
Nyakundi Omwando Cornelious
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
35-47
Received:
17 May 2021
Accepted:
2 June 2021
Published:
15 June 2021
Abstract: Survival modelling is a technique which exploits repeated measures of continuous covariates to predict explanatory variable’s effects on the response factor. The survival modelling helps design interventions in the health sector, which has seen one of its applications in the management of Human Immune Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). However, despite improvement in Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) interventions over the years, the observed disease effects (morbidity, progression and mortality) remain high and varies across geographical borders. This study utilizes survival models to determine the predictors of survival among adult HIV/AIDS patients on ART in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) Kenya. This is achieved by fitting a Cox proportional hazard regression model to adult HIV/AIDS patients data and determine predictors of survival amongst the study subjects. A retrospective study design was adopted where a target population of 10,038 patients who were on ART and were enrolled between January 2005 and January 2007 were investigated for a ten years follow-up period. The Cox proportional hazard regression model (CPHRM) was fitted to the data using log partial likelihood function. The log rank test and 95% confidence Interval (C.I) were used to analyze the significance of the hazard ratios of each variable. The results showed that HIV severity with unadjusted Hazard Ratio [UHR=0.729, p=0.032], level of education [lower UHR=0.952, p=0.019], and perfect adherence of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) [UHR=0.668, p=0.004] positively influenced patient survival time. Patient’s gender [male UHR=1.633, p< 0.001] showed negative effect on patient survival time. The adjusted hazard ratios for multivariate Cox model were, HIV severity [AHR1.18, p=0.735] age category between 30-40 in reference to age less than 30 [AHR=0.459, p=0.178] and age category above 40 years [AHR=0.644, p=0.447], Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 18.5kg/m2 in reference to between 18.5-<25kg/m2 [AHR=1.65, p=0.847] and BMI above 25 kg/m2 [AHR=0.861, p=0.847], level of education [lower AHR=0.931, p=0.209], patients’ gender [male AHR=1.884, p=0.19] and ARV adherence [perfect AHR=1.393, p=0.498]. In conclusion, HIV severity, level of education, ARV adherence and patients' gender were significant predictors of survival time. In addition, none of the patient's characteristics predicted survival time in the multivariate Cox model. Therefore, this study recommends to the government of Kenya to spearhead the development of policy framework for the provision of regular screening services for the male population to avoid late diagnosis and interventions of HIV/AIDS disease.
Abstract: Survival modelling is a technique which exploits repeated measures of continuous covariates to predict explanatory variable’s effects on the response factor. The survival modelling helps design interventions in the health sector, which has seen one of its applications in the management of Human Immune Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV...
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Interoperable Visualization Framework Towards Enhancing Mapping and Integration of Official Statistics
Haitham Zeidan,
Jad Najjar,
Rashid Jayousi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
48-56
Received:
24 November 2020
Accepted:
18 December 2020
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: The aim of this research is to introduce a new interoperable visual analytics framework Towards Enhancing Presentation of Official Statistics. This paper aims to investigate how data integration and information visualization could be used to increase readability and interoperability of statistical data. Statistical data has gained many interests from policy makers, city planners, researchers and ordinary citizens as well. from an official statistics’ point of view, data integration is of major interest as a means of using available information more efficiently and improving the quality of a statistical agency’s products, we implemented and proposed statistical indicators schema and mapping algorithm which is conceptually simple and is based on hamming distance and edit (Levenshtein) distance mapping methods in addition to the ontology. Also we build GUI to import the indicators with data values from different sources. The performance and accuracy of this algorithm was measured by experiment, we started to import the data and indicators from different sources to our target schema which contains the indicators, Units and Subgroups. during the data import using our algorithm, the exact matched indicators, units and subgroups will be mapped automatically to the indicators, units, and subgroups in the schema, in case that we import not exact matched indicator, units or subgroups the algorithm will calculate the edit distance (minimum operations needed) for mapping the imported indicator with the nearest indicator in the schema, the same thing will happen for units or subgroups, the results showed that the accuracy of the algorithm increased by adding ontology, ontology matching is a solution to the semantic heterogeneity problem.
Abstract: The aim of this research is to introduce a new interoperable visual analytics framework Towards Enhancing Presentation of Official Statistics. This paper aims to investigate how data integration and information visualization could be used to increase readability and interoperability of statistical data. Statistical data has gained many interests fr...
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Childhood Mortality in Kenya: Survival Analysis of 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey Data
Elda Naliaka Watulo,
Anthony Kibera Wanjoya
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
57-71
Received:
11 June 2021
Accepted:
23 June 2021
Published:
28 June 2021
Abstract: Childhood mortality is still a public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Kenya being among the countries that experience the highest rate of children dying before reaching the age of five. Under-5 child mortality (U5CM) is heavily influenced by demographic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. The study aimed to examine the risk factors of under-5 child mortality in Kenya. The data were based on birth histories from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS) conducted in 2014. The relative contribution of factors such as the mother's education, mother's occupation, household wealth, place of residence, region, and sex of the child to the variability in the under-five child mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox hazard methods. The outcome variable for the study was the child’s survival before the age of 5 and age at death. All children born in the period between 2009 and 2014 (n=83,591) were included in the study. Within the observation period, a total of 6,123 child deaths were recorded. The under-5 mortality rate in Kenya was strongly associated with the mother's education, region, place of residence, preceding birth interval, birth order, the total number of children ever born, mother's occupation, and type of toilet facility. The results indicated that a child born in Nyanza is twice more likely to die than that born in the Central region of Kenya. Male children had a higher risk of dying before the age of five than their female counterparts. The risk of experiencing U5CM increased among children born in rural areas compared to those born in urban areas. The study findings provide evidence in support of prioritizing interventions aiming at improving maternal and child healthcare. The findings also suggest that programs aimed at empowering women and boosting health knowledge among mothers should be scaled up. Furthermore, implementing socio-economic development interventions that reduce regional disparities is a recommendation that the central government should consider. Finally, national and local governments should commit resources to guarantee that modern contraceptives are available and used to increase child spacing.
Abstract: Childhood mortality is still a public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Kenya being among the countries that experience the highest rate of children dying before reaching the age of five. Under-5 child mortality (U5CM) is heavily influenced by demographic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. The study aimed to examine the risk factors...
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